Most Frequently Asked Questions about PUMP-BOL

  • How do I use PUMP-BOL?

    Using PUMP-BOL is easy. As a dietary supplement, mix one to two (1-2) servings in 8-10 oz of cold water and consume 30-45 minutes pre-workout. First time users should start with one (1) serving to assess tolerance and work your way up to two (2) servings before workouts. Do NOT exceed recommended serving size.

  • Can I take PUMP-BOL with C-BOL?

    Excellent question, and the answer is YES. But you will want to employ a bit of timing strategy and limit your dose of C-BOL to one serving per day (as both formulas contain nitrates). On training days, consume one serving of C-BOL in the morning. Then, 30-60 prior to training, consume 1 serving of PUMP-BOL. On non training days, consume one serving of C-BOL in the morning. This program will help keep you pumped all day, every day.

    If you train first thing in the morning, take a serving of PUMP-BOL 30-60 minutes before training. Then, take a serving of C-BOL with your post workout shake.

    If you train later in the evening, take one serving of C-BOL in the morning and one serving of PUMP-BOL 30-60 minutes prior to training.

  • Because all 3 products contain nitrates, can I use PUMP-BOL, C-BOL, and Vasolate together?

    This is an important question to know the answer to. It is safe to take ONE serving of Vasolate per day while using C-BOL and PUMP-BOL.

  • If L-arginine is ineffective at generating nitric oxide, why is it in the PUMP-BOL formula?

    That's a great question, and we are glad you asked. By now it is no secret that L-arginine is incapable of boosting nitric oxide levels in healthy humans. While an arginine deficiency can hinder NO production and endothelial function, it can also prevent nitrate tolerance in humans(26). Tolerance to nitrates, as with stimulants, can develop with continued use over time. This allows PUMP-BOL to work just as good four months from now as it does today.

  • Does the Nitrate Ultra Pump Matrix consist only of nitrates?

    No, the Nitrate Ultra Pump Matrix is designed to address multiple key factors to create the biggest, longest lasting muscular pumps and contains multiple ingredients to accomplish that goal. Following is a detailed discussion for each ingredient found inside PUMP-BOL's Nitrate Ultra Pump Matrix.

    Nitrates (as Arginine Nitrate and Beta-Alanine Nitrate)
    Thermolife was the first company to introduce nitrates as NO boosters, performance enhancers, and also holds various patents of their use. The successful use of nitrates in C-Bol and Vasolate are followed up in PUMP-BOL. For anyone unfamiliar with nitrates and their advantages, here is a brief summary.

    Lots of people use today NO products to increase "pumps", vasodilation, nutrient transportation to the muscle, aerobic performance, and recovery. All these products up to date had arginine as their base, which recently proved to be totally ineffective for actually raising NO levels. In fact most of the "pump" feeling comes from an insulin increase following Arginine supplementation (13). Nitrates have been used in the pharmaceutical industry for decades to induce direct and fast vasodilation. You see, nitrites and nitrates are inert end-products of NO oxidation. In addition, they can be recycled back to bioactive NO and this pathway is an important alternative to the classical L-arginine-NO-synthase pathway(14). This creates a powerful vasodilating effect which actually helps with nutrient absorption and distribution while increasing athletic performance(15). Since nitrates are naturally abundant in many vegetables and also present in meat, their safety is well established. In fact, in a recent study researchers provided the subjects with 700mg of nitrate per day and as they said "The BR supplementation regimen implemented in this study was well tolerated with no deleterious side effects". The beneficial effects of nitrate supplementation included lower BP, 20% less needed oxygen for muscle work, and increased time to failure". (16)

    And there is even more beauty to the nitrate moiety. Organic nitrates also act as a permeation enhancer. That means that they increase intestinal absorption of not only the bonded molecule but ALL nutrients co ingested. They are even able to allow absorption of large macromolecules as insulin(17,18,19)!

    ASCORBIC ACID
    Ascorbic acid is also commonly known as Vitamin C, and Vitamin C's numerous benefits are well established. Ascorbic Acid's role in PUMP-BOL is two-fold.

    Firstly, Nitric Oxide production from nitrate produces free radicals in the bloodstream(20,21). Hence Vitamin C, possessing powerful anti-oxidant activity, was added to help protect against damaging free radicals.

    Second, prolonged use of nitrates may cause tolerance, thus minimizing their effects. The reason nitrate tolerance occurs is because NO production wastes the body's glutathione levels. The suggested mechanism in brief is: RONO2+GSH->GS-NO2->H +NO2->NO. In this mechanism, Glutathione(GSH) binds to NO2 via the enzyme Glutathione-S-transferase and after the production of NO2 the GS leftover binds with another molecule of Glutathione to create GS-SG. In brief words, for one molecule on NO to be created in the body, two molecules of Glutathione must be spent. It is also speculated that oxidative stress that NO production causes further enhances Glutathione depletion. (22,23,24,25). Of the various strategies used to overcome nitrate tolerance, Vitamin C supplementation has proven effective(25), much moreso than other popular antioxidants.

    ARGININE NITRATE:
    Yet another compound to be first introduced by Thermolife. Many of you will wonder why we chose to include Arginine when we have already established that Arginine is ineffective to boost nitric oxide levels in healthy athletes. While this is true (although an Arginine deficiency can hinder NO production and endothelial function), there is a particular property of Arginine that makes it's inclusion in a nitrate based NO product worthy. Arginine can successfully prevent nitrate tolerance in humans (26).

    FOLIC ACID:
    Another important nutrient for human health and performance, folic acid is also important for the regeneration of compounds required for the body's natural NO production. Research has demonstrated that folic acid supplementation prevents both nitrate tolerance and reduction of the body's endogenous NO production(27,28).

    RESVERATROL:
    A natural phytoalexin found in Red wine, resveratrol has been put to great use in today's sports and health supplements due to it's many beneficial effects. Such beneficial effects include cardiovascular protection, antioxidant activity, testosterone boosting, improvement of sperm count and health, and so forth.

    Of particular interest for it's use in PUMP-BOL is resveratrol's effect on skeletal muscle. Resveratrol can increase the size and content of mitochondria as well as the mitochondrial enzyme activity in nonoxidative muscle fibers. This contributes to an increase in maximal oxygen consumption by those fibers (29).

    Resveratrol has also been shown to protect mice from insulin resistance while on a high fat diet (30), in addition to stimulating glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Some have even shown that resveratrol can stimulate glucose uptake independent of the action of insulin as well as enhance insulin-dependent glucose transport (31).

    In addition, resveratrol has been consistently shown to inhibit protein degradation and to attenuate the atrophy of skeletal muscle fibers in vitro (32). Resveratrol possesses strong antioxidant effects and can protect muscle cells from injury and death (33). Of even greater interest in the PUMP-BOL formula is resveratrol's effect on vascular function. Not only is Resveratrol a strong vasorelaxant agent (34,35), but it can also prevent nitrate tolerance(36).

    A major drawback of Resveratrol in oral human use is its limited bioavailability due to extensive glucuronidation and sulfation by the intestines and liver. To counter this, resveratrol was coupled in PUMP-BOL with powerful Glucuronidase and Sulfatase inhibitors.

    QUERCETIN:
    Quercetin is another natural compound with a myriad of beneficial effects, and it has found great use in many sports and health supplements applications. Quercetin was added to the PUMP-BOL formula for four reasons.

    • 1. Quercetin can increase the bio-availability of resveratrol through inhibition of both Glucuronidation (37) and Sulfation (38).
    • 2. Quercetin has vaso-relaxing effects of its own (34).
    • 3. Quercetin can enhance nitrate bio-activation into nitrite at the oral cavity (39), thus resulting in greater NO production from nitrate.
    • 4. And finally, quercetin can scavenge excess NO and free radicals while maintaining NO biofunctionality (40).
  • What does the PlasmaVolic Matrix and Electrolyte Complex in PUMP-BOL do?

    The PlasmaVolic Matrix consists of Glycerol bonded to the electrolytes sodium, potassium, and magnesium glycerolphosphate.

    Glycerol is a natural polyalcohol that acts as an osmotic plasma volumizer.
    In simple words it attracts water molecules, thus increasing the volume of plasma and hydration. Therefore, it can have ergogenic potential in sports where dehydration is a concern(41). Another interesting property is its capacity to maintain blood pressure at normal levels under conditions where it would otherwise drop, such as through vasodilatation or dehydration. While small drops in blood pressure can be considered healthy, big decreases can cause unwanted side effects like dizziness and headaches. Thus the addition of a plasma volumizer like glycerol can help maintain healthy blood pressure while not countering the beneficial effects of vasodilation.

    A problem with Glycerol however is that it is a liquid. This makes is challenging to add into powdered products. Most companies have tried to overcome this by using Glycerol Monostearate(GMS), a form of glycerol bonded with the fatty acid Stearic Acid. Such an approach is terrible, as not only Stearic Acid has a substantial caloric value and is utterly useless, but also because GMS wields about only 30% of it's weight in Glycerol. The remaining 70% is useless fat, and you're not paying for fats, right? Right. The glycerol used in PUMP-BOL not only delivers a higher yield of beneficial Glycerol, it also delivers incredibly useful electrolytes. And speaking of electrolytes...

    ELECTROLYTE COMPLEX: (Consisting of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Phosphate ions)
    The importance of electrolytes for bodily function and sports performance is well known. Electrolyte depletion during exercise can severely affect performance. It can also lower blood pressure to uncomfortable levels. Not only does PUMP-BOL deliver a sufficient dose of the basic electrolytes, but PUMP-BOL also includes a hefty dose of magnesium. Magnesium can prevent muscle cramping (42,43). And that's a great thing because a deficiency in magnesium increases the risk for muscle injury and cramping (43). And, magnesium's ergogenic and performance enhancing attributes have also been well established (44,45,46)

  • What else can you tell me about the Proton Flush Complex in PUMP-BOL?

    The Proton Flush Complex consists of beta-alanine (as free form beta-alanine and beta-alanine nitrate), creatine (as dicreatine malate), and creatinol-o-phosphate (aka, COP).

    BETA-ALANINE: (As free form beta-alanine and beta-alanine nitrate)
    Beta-alanine is a precursor to carnosine, a dipeptide found in skeletal muscle tissue which removes hydrogen ions from the cell. Accumulation of Hydrogen ions inside the muscle cell causes the "burn" feeling that results in muscle fatigue and failure. Boosting carnosine stores through supplementation with beta alanine has been shown to improve athletic performance and body composition, with effective doses starting at about 2 grams per day (47,48). However, optimal results with beta-alanine supplementation have been achieved when combined with creatine and high-intensity interval training(49, 50,51). And speaking of creatine...

    CREATINE: (As Dicreatine Malate)
    Dicreatine malate is a well known and researched nutritional supplement with scientifically proven effects in improving performance and body composition. It also has a synergistic role in reducing muscle cell acidosis.

    CREATINOL-O-PHOSPHATE: (COP)
    An analogue of creatine, COP cannot increase ATP levels like creatine can. However it can significantly boost muscle function by reducing intracellular lactate/H+ concentrations. COP can also boost cardiac function(52,53) and increase muscle strength (54).

  • So, if PUMP-BOL is not using stimulants to increase energy, how does PUMP-BOL deliver such powerful energy enhancement?

    Excellent question! ThermoLife scientists fueled PUMP-BOL with a powerful Brain & Body Fuel Matrix consisting of malic acid and palatinose.

    MALIC ACID: (As free form L-Malic Acid and Dicreatine Malate)
    Malic acid is a natural dicarboxylic acid. Its importance to the production of energy in the body during both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is well established. Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate provides reducing equivalents to the mitochondria through the malate-aspartate redox shuttle. During anaerobic conditions, where a buildup of excess reducing equivalents inhibits glycolysis, malic acid's simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate is capable of removing the accumulating reducing equivalents. This allows malic acid to reverse hypoxias inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. It is of no wonder that malic acid supplementation can reduce fatigue, improve muscle performance, increase cognitive performance and increase glycogen stores (55,56,57,58). Despite all these wonderful properties, supplement companies have failed to introduce a sufficient dose of malic acid in their supplements, being content with the small amount found in malic acid salts like Creatine or Citrulline Malate. PUMP-BOL is the first supplement to utilize an efficient dose of malate for it's very own beneficial properties.

    PALATINOSE
    Also known as Isomaltulose, palatinose is a sugar analogue found in sugar cane and honey. Simple carbs like sugar and dextrose have a high GI index. This can cause blood glucose fluctuations, resulting in what is known as the "carb crash." Palaatinose however has a low GI index value (the lower the value, the slower the carbohydrate digests) and is low-insulinemic. Therefore, palatinose can deliver greater levels of energy than sugar, as it will not deliver a "sugar crash."

    Being low-insulinemic, Paltinose also supports improved fat oxidation during physical activity as high insulin levels (triggered by simple sugars found in many pre-workout powders) hinder the use of lipids as an energy source. Thus palatinose can increase the amount of fat used as energy, enhancing athletic performance (59). The stable glucose levels that palatinose creates also have a positive effect in mental concentration, even when only 5 grams of palatinose are ingested (60). PUMP-BOL is incredibly suitable for people on low-carb diets, and it can provide the bodily and mental support that carbs deliver.

  • What else can I stack with PUMP-BOL?

    Stacking two or more products, each of which addresses a different contributing factor to muscular growth and strength enhancment, is a fantastic way to accelerate your gains. For the absolute best gains in strength and performance enhancement, we strongly recommend stacking PUMP-BOL with C-BOL. This powerful combination will supersaturate your muscle tissue with torque generating creatine levels while delivering the most jaw-dropping muscular pumps. It's the perfect pre, intra, and post workout support combination.

    PUMP-BOL can also be combined with T-BOL, ThermoLife's premier natural testosterone booster. T-BOL is testosterone enhancement done RIGHT. Free from harmful aromatase inhibitors, T-BOL is the strongest natural testosterone boosting formula on the market today. Working WITH your body, rather than against it, T-BOL was designed to massively increase BOTH total testosterone and free testosterone for unsurpassed advancements in lean mass acquisition and strength enhancement. T-BOL is not a pro-hormone and does not require a post cycle therapy.

    And, PUMP-BOL can also be combined with E-BOL, a powerful non-hormonal anabolic growth matrix. E-BOL is considered the "holy grail" in muscle building sports supplementation, mimicking the potent anabolic properties of hormones and pro-hormones without any of the unwanted androgenic side effects. The revolutionary E-BOL matrix signals muscle cells into an anabolic (growth) state, increasing nitrogen retention and converting more of your dietary protein intake into lean muscle mass. E-BOL also possesses dual adaptogenic effects that effectively "auto adjust" your physiological systems according to your own individual needs. In turn, this permits anabolism to excel and your physique and performance to break through previous "sticking points". This adaptogenic-anabolic effect is uniquely elicited by E-BOL, defining it as a breakthrough category in bodybuilding supplements.

  • How old must I be to use PUMP-BOL?

    We are glad you asked. PUMP-BOL is recommended for those who are 18 years of age and older.

  • I am subject to drug testing. Should I use PUMP-BOL?

    That is always a great question to ask. While PUMP-BOL is 100% natural, it is always best to check FIRST with your testing organization and obtain approval and permission before using PUMP-BOL.

  • Do you offer a 100% Money Back Guarantee?

    Yes, we do.

    As the president of ThermoLife International I have made sure that every one of our products meets label claims and does exactly what it is intended to do. I am so sure of this that we offer a 100% money back guarantee on every product that we sell. If for any reason you are not satisfied with a product purchased from this web site, just send it back with a copy of your receipt and you will receive a full refund.

    Ron Kramer
    President
    ThermoLife International

    Send returns to:
    Product Returns
    c/o ThermoLife International LLC
    3941 E. Chandler Blvd. #106-212
    Phoenix, AZ 85048

    Please include a copy of your receipt from this website, along with any unused portion of the product.
  • Got a question about one of our Products or What to know more?

    You can email your question to contact@thermolife.com and our resident experts will get an answer for you asap! And if we think that your question can help others, we will post it right here!

References

  • 1. - No effect of short-term arginine supplementation on nitric oxide production, metabolism and performance in intermittent exercise in athletes. Liu TH, Wu CL, Chiang CW, Lo YW, Tseng HF, Chang CK.Department of Physical Education, Taiwan Sport University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan.
  • 2. - Effects of arginine supplementation on post-exercise metabolic responses. Tsai PH, Tang TK, Juang CL, Chen KW, Chi CA, Hsu MC. Department of Physical Education, Yuanpei University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China.
  • 3. - Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Apr;41(4):773-9. Hemodynamic and vascular response to resistance exercise with L-arginine. Fahs CA, Heffernan KS, Fernhall B. Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Exercise and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
  • 4. - J Strength Cond Res. 2006 Nov;20(4):751-5. Related Articles, Links Effects of eight weeks of caffeine supplementation and endurance training on aerobic fitness and body composition. Malek MH, Housh TJ, Coburn JW, Beck TW, Schmidt RJ, Housh DJ, Johnson GO. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA. mmalek@unlserve.unl.edu
  • 5. - J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009 Jul 13;6:15.
  • Acute effects of a thermogenic nutritional supplement on cycling time to exhaustion and muscular strength in college-aged men.

    Walter AA, Herda TJ, Ryan ED, Costa PB, Hoge KM, Beck TW, Stout JR, Cramer JT. Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA. jcramer@ou.edu.

  • 6. - Nutr Neurosci. 2006 Jun-Aug;9(3-4):169-78.
  • A nonpungent component of steamed ginger--[10]-shogaol--increases adrenaline secretion via the activation of TRPV1.

    Iwasaki Y, Morita A, Iwasawa T, Kobata K, Sekiwa Y, Morimitsu Y, Kubota K, Watanabe T. Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, COE Program in the 21st Century, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.

  • 7. - Comparative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article. Swarnalatha Dugasania, Mallikarjuna Rao Pichikac, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Vishna Devi Nadarajahc, Madhu Katyayani Balijepallic, Satyanarayana Tandraa and Jayaveera Narsimha Korlakuntab
  • 8.- J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2005 Jan;45(1):74-80. Ginger lowers blood pressure through blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Ghayur MN, Gilani AH. Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan.
  • 9. - Cinnamaldehyde inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion from monocytes/macrophages through suppression of intracellular signaling
  • 10. - Chin Med J (Engl). 2008 Nov 5;121(21):2124-8.
  • Anti-diabetic effects of cinnamaldehyde and berberine and their impacts on retinol-binding protein 4 expression in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    Zhang W, Xu YC, Guo FJ, Meng Y, Li ML. Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.

  • 11. - Phytomedicine. 2007 Jan;14(1):15-22. Epub 2006 Nov 30.
  • Cinnamaldehyde--a potential antidiabetic agent.

    Subash Babu P, Prabuseenivasan S, Ignacimuthu S. Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India.

  • 12. - Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2009;24(3):226-34.
  • Effects of Japanese herbal medicine, Kampo, on human UGT1A1 activity.

    Katoh M, Yoshioka Y, Nakagawa N, Yokoi T. Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.

  • 13. - 2 Glucose- and arginine-induced insulin secretion by human pancreatic ß-cells: the role of HERG K+ channels in firing and release
  • 14. - Does NO metabolism play a role in the effects of vegetables in health?Nitric oxide formation via the reduction of nitrites and nitrates Dina Ralt * Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Tel Hashomer, Israel
  • 15. - Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2007 Sep;191(1):59-66. Epub 2007 Jul 17. Effects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise. Larsen FJ, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Ekblom B.
  • 16 . -Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans Stephen J. Bailey,1 Paul Winyard,2 Anni Vanhatalo,1 Jamie R. Blackwell,1 Fred J. DiMenna,1 Daryl P. Wilkerson,1 Joanna Tarr,2 Nigel Benjamin,2 and Andrew M. Jones1 1School of Sport and Health Sciences and ; 2Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
  • 17. - Excellent absorption enhancing characteristics of NO donors for improving the intestinal absorption of poorly absorbable compound compared with conventional absorption enhancers. Fetih G, Habib F, Katsumi H, Okada N, Fujita T, Attia M, Yamamoto A.
  • 18. - International Journal of Pharmaceutics 286 (2004) 89-97 Characterization of the influence of nitric oxide donors on intestinal absorption of macromolecules Koichi Takahashia,, Nanako Numataa, Natsumi Kinoshitaa, Naoki Utoguchib, Tadanori Mayumic, Nobuyasu Mizunoa
  • 19. - Nitric oxide donors can enhance the intestinal transport and absorption of insulin and [Asu(1,7)]-eel calcitonin in rats. Fetih G, Habib F, Okada N, Fujita T, Attia M, Yamamoto A
  • 20. - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C 134 (2003) 281-289 1532-0456/03/$ - see front matter _ 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. PII: S1532-0456Ž02.00271-5 Review The generation of free radicals by nitric oxide synthase Supatra Porasuphatanaa,*, Pei Tsaib, Gerald M. Rosenb,c
  • 21. - Amelioration of nitrate tolerance: matching strategies with mechanisms* John D. Horowitz MBBS, PhD* Cardiology Unit, North Western Adelaide Health Service, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
  • 22. - New insights into mechanisms underlying nitrate tolerance Thomas Münzel MDSabine Kurz MDb, Thomas Heitzer MDa and David G. Harrison MDaa From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. b University of Freiburg, Germany
  • 23. - Mechanisms of nitrate tolerance: potential roles of folate. Bellisarii FI, Gallina S, Zimarino M, De Caterina R. Center of Excellence on Aging, University, Chieti, Italy.
  • 24. - Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994 Jun;8(3):489-99. Mechanisms of nitrate tolerance.Fung HL, Bauer JA. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, State University of New York at Buffalo 14260.
  • 25. - Endothelium-dependent and independent mechanisms of nitrate tolerance Ivan S. de la Lande , Elisa M. Kaesler , Tracey E. Siebert , Irene Stafford and John D. Horowitz 23 Dietary supplement with vitamin C prevents nitrate tolerance. E Bassenge, N Fink, M Skatchkov, and B Fink Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
  • 26. - Br J Pharmacol. 2000 May; 130(2): 209-210. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703340. PMCID: PMC1572089 Copyright 2000, Nature Publishing Group Arginine and nitrate tolerance Raymond J MacAllister1*
  • 27. - J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2005; 2(2): 38-44. The Antioxidant Role of Glutathione and N-Acetyl-Cysteine Supplements and Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress Chad Kerksick and Darryn Willoughby
  • 28. - Z Kardiol. 1989 May;78(5):328-34. [Nitrate tolerance and its management by N-acetylcysteine (studies of patients with severe chronic heart failure)] Bodemann T, Langescheid C, Hochrein H.
  • 29. - (Lagouge et al. 2006).
  • 30. - (Baur et al. 2006; Lagouge et al. 2006).
  • 31. - Chi et al. 2007; Deng et al. 2008; Park et al. 2007
  • 32. - (Busquets et al. 2007; Russell et al. 2006;Wyke et al. 2004;Wyke and Tisdale 2006).
  • 33. - Cellular effects of resveratrol in skeletal muscle Amie J. Dirks Naylor School of Pharmacy, Wingate University, 316 N. Main Street, Wingate, NC 28174, United States
  • 34. - Chen CK, Pace-Asciak CR. Vasorelaxing activity of resveratrol and quercetin in isolated rat aorta. Gen Pharmacol. 1996;27:363-366.
  • 35. - Rakici O, Kiziltepe U, Coskun B, et al. Effects of resveratrol on vascular tone and endothelial function of human saphenous vein and internal mammary artery. Int J Cardiol. 2005;105:209-215
  • 36. - Effect of Resveratrol on Nitrate Tolerance in Isolated Human Internal Mammary Artery Bahar Coskun, BS,* Selen Soylemez, PhD,* Ali Ihsan Parlar, MD,w A. Tulga Ulus, MD,w S. Fehmi Katircioglu, MD,w and Fatma Akar, PhD*
  • 37. - Xenobiotica. 2000 Nov;30(11):1047-54.
  • Glucuronidation of resveratrol, a natural product present in grape and wine, in the human liver.

    de Santi C, Pietrabissa A, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Department of Neurosciences, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, Via Roma 55, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.

  • 38. - Xenobiotica. 2000 Sep;30(9):857-66.
  • Sulphation of resveratrol, a natural compound present in wine, and its inhibition by natural flavonoids.

    De Santi C, Pietrabissa A, Spisni R, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Department of Neurosciences, Medical School, Pisa, Italy.

  • 39. - J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Sep 24;51(20):6014-20.
  • Quercetin-dependent reduction of salivary nitrite to nitric oxide under acidic conditions and interaction between quercetin and ascorbic acid during the reduction.

    Takahama U, Yamamoto A, Hirota S, Oniki T. Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan. taskahama@kyu-dent.ac.jp

  • 40. - Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Apr;65(4):851-9.
  • Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging and NO protecting effects of quercetin and their biological significance in vascular smooth muscle.

    López-López G, Moreno L, Cogolludo A, Galisteo M, Ibarra M, Duarte J, Lodi F, Tamargo J, Perez-Vizcaino F. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain. fperez@med.ucm.es

  • 41. - Exploring the potential ergogenic effects of glycerol hyperhydration. Nelson JL, Robergs RA. Exercise Physiology Laboratories, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1258, USA. Sports Med. 2007;37(11):981-1000.
  • 42. - Arzneimittelforschung. 1998 Feb;48(2):161-6. The role of magnesium in the generation and therapy of benign muscle cramps. Combined in-vivo/in-vitro studies on rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. Schindler R, Thöni H, Classen HG.
  • 43. - Can Fam Physician. 1996 July; 42: 1348-1351. Muscle cramps and magnesium deficiency: case reports. D. L. Bilbey and V. M. Prabhakaran Trinity Medical Clinic, Trinity Bay, Nfld.
  • 44. - Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol 11, Issue 3 326-329, Copyright © 1992 by American College of Nutrition Effect of magnesium supplementation on strength training in humansL. R. Brilla and T. F. Haley Exercise and Sport Science Laboratory, Western Washington University, Bellingham 98225.
  • 45. - Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1989;58(7):738-43. Effect of sport-drink with and without fluoride and magnesium supplements on rat performance. Sorvari R, Harri M. Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, Finland.
  • 46. - Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):419-26. Magnesium and muscle performance in older persons: the InCHIANTI study. Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M, Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, Bos A, Corsi AM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
  • 47. - Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Apr;41(4):898-903.
  • Beta-alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling.

    Van Thienen R, Van Proeyen K, Vanden Eynde B, Puype J, Lefere T, Hespel P. Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Research Centre for Exercise and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

  • 48. - The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55-92 Years): a double-blind randomized study Jeffrey R Stout1 email, B Sue Graves2 email, Abbie E Smith1 email, Michael J Hartman2 email, Joel T Cramer1 email, Travis W Beck1 emailand Roger C Harris3 email
  • 49. - Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 Feb;105(3):357-63. Epub 2008 Nov 7.
  • The effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on neuromuscular fatigue and muscle function.

    Smith AE, Moon JR, Kendall KL, Graef JL, Lockwood CM, Walter AA, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR. Department of Health and Exercise Science, Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.

  • 50. - Amino Acids. 2007 Sep;33(3):505-10. Epub 2006 Sep 5.
  • Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power, ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion.

    Zoeller RF, Stout JR, O'kroy JA, Torok DJ, Mielke M. Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL, USA. rzoeller@fau.edu

  • 51. - Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Aug;16(4):430-46.
  • Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes.

    Hoffman J, Ratamess N, Kang J, Mangine G, Faigenbaum A, Stout J. Dept. of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA.

  • 52. - Arzneimittelforschung. 1978;28(10):1708-11.
  • Effects of creatinol-O-phosphate (COP) on haemodynamics and cardiac metabolism in conscious and anaesthetized dogs.

    Marchetti G, Merlo L.

  • 53. - Arzneimittelforschung. 1979;29(9a):1449-52.
  • Pharmacological and toxicological properties of creatinol O-phosphate. A review.

    Marzo A, Ghirardi P.

  • 54. - Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1975 Jun;17(6):531-4.
  • Creatinol O-phosphate (COP) and muscular performance: a controlled clinical trial.

    Nicaise J.

  • 55. - Farmakol Toksikol. 1988 May-Jun;51(3):21-5. Links [Effect of malic acid salts on physical work capacity and its recovery after exhausting muscular activity]
  • 56. - Physiol. Res. 56: 213-220, 2007 Effects of L-Malate on Physical Stamina and Activities of Enzymes Related to the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle in Liver of Mice
  • 57. - Summary Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 1992, Vol. 3, No. 1, Pages 49-59 Management of Fibromyalgia: Rationale for the Use of Magnesium and Malic Acid
  • 58. - The Influence of Supplementing Malic Acid Nutrient on Boxers' Anti-fatigue Ability LIU Gang,FENG Mei-yun,ZHANG Ying,GAO Ying,FAN Qing-min(Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China)
  • 59. - Review Isomaltulose (Palatinose®): a review of biological and toxicological studies References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article. B. A. R. LinaCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, a, D. Jonkera and G. Kozianowskib a TNO Nutrition and Food Research, PO Box 360, 3700, AJ Zeist, The Netherlands b Südzucker AG, Wormser Strasse 11, 67283 Obrigheim, Pfalz, Germany
  • 60. - The effect of palatinose on mental concentration in humans. Kashimura J, Nagai Y, Ebashi T. Chigasaki Laboratory, Shin Mitsui Sugar Co., Ltd., 1-2-14, Honson, Chigasaki 253-0042, Japan. jun.kashimura@mitsui-sugar.co.jp We investigated the effect of palatinose on mental concentration using the Uchida-Kraepelin psycho diagnostic test. A significant increase (p0.01) in calculation ability was observed in both the sucrose and palatinose groups after administration. Although calculation ability in the sucrose group at 150 min decreased from the level achieved at 90 min in the same group, that in the palatinose group at 150 min decreased only slightly from the level achieved at 90 min. At the same time points, significant increases were observed even when 5 g of palatinose was administered.

Only Loyal T "trustees" will be entitled to:
* Exclusive Deals & Discounts
* Free Training & Nutrition Tips
* Pre-release Supplement Offers
* Scientific Bulletins
* Plus Much Much Much MORE!